Alphabets do conspire a coup

[(title unknown) from For The Turnstiles by DGA

Right here I summarize the basic argument behind Wilber's answer to the question of why and how things change over time: ultimately, it's because of Providence working through the minds of Great Men. I find this implausible, but it is a useful context for those who want to interpret Wilber's more monomaniacal claims about his own importance: there is an internal logic to such claims, I mean. To wit:

Great ideas make history, and if Wilber's ideas are to change history, then they must be recognized as great and taken seriously by enough people so that some change is actually effected.

Yes, the argument is circular and specious, but it is something more than just malignant narcissism. It fits in with the whole Weltanschauung, it ties the room together...]

Anderson’s continued interest in Wilber signifies that it is not easy to wish away the formidable formulations of the latter. Whether or not Wilber is an instantiation of “Providence working through the minds of Great Men” one thing is certain that new ideas coagulate while writing. Alphabets do conspire a coup and hijack old themes away.  [TNM]

Banerji bars images

[Mulayam, Maya in statue fight

Times of India - Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui - ‎LUCKNOW: Garlands and statues in Uttar Pradesh have an uncanny similarity: they are impressive symbols of political competitiveness.

Ahead of Ambedkar jayanti, Cong, BSP jostle for Dalit mindspace

Times of India - ‎NEW DELHI: Ambedkar united the dalits but his birth anniversary next month will trigger a clash for community votes in Uttar Pradesh, with BSP set to join Congress in playing to the dalit gallery. 'Maya spent Rs 4500 cr on memorials' Indian Express Mayawati spent over Rs.14000 cr on memorials: Congress Sify]

Banerji complains of increased number of photographs of The Mother & Sri Aurobindo. He might have graduated to an impersonal zone of sadhana, but he should be sympathetic to the younger devotees who need the images. After all, it is a personal choice, and why Banerji should be issuing permits for how many images to possess and where to keep them. [TNM]

Kazlev votes for Heehs to seal the East-West chasm

Kazlev has cast his vote for Heehs so as to seal the East-West chasm, whereas the coming together of The Mother & Sri Aurobindo on March 29, 1914 stands for the fusion of the twain. Sri Aurobindo, in his series of essays in the Arya, responded to major thinkers like Marx, Darwin, Spencer, Nietzsche, Bergson, Freud, and James. The synthesis he attempted seems to have not made much headway a century later. 

India was under the British rule then, but today it is poised to be a dominant economy. Technology and prosperity have also generated a lot of hubris. Past equilibriums are collapsing causing immense heartburn to those used to privileged treatment. It would be unwise to assume that these have no resonances in an ashram environment. Or, incidents like attacks upon Indians in Australia have no bearing upon the emotions of those residing in an ashram.

The Flat World thesis was offered parading equality and as a consolation, but the meltdown showed its hollowness. Understanding the timing of Heehs’ outpouring, hence, is extremely significant. His targets are many and the repercussions, as per script. Obviously, a 21^st century mini edition of colonialism won’t be tolerated within the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Puducherry. [TNM]   

Power, Wealth, Sex - Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Upon decoding the abstraction, it becomes apparent that “the three forces - power, wealth, sex - that have the strongest attraction for the human ego and the Asura” are basically inter-personal relationships integral to our embodied existence. Sublimation of these three into “The great mantra of the French revolution - Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” is perhaps one of the major objectives of collective yoga.

Spirituality as a Level-IV defence mechanism is definitely useful for the individual and therefore liberation (moksha) had the sanction of tradition. A broad division of labour based on age (four ashramas) and aptitude (four varnas) got stabilized for realization of the aim (four purusharthas). Religion also stepped in to translate these ideals by mass producing variations catering to popular culture.

When The Mother & Sri Aurobindo ambitiously embarked upon building a spiritual society, the past principles went haywire. The individual’s journey was within a manageable limit of a few decades, whereas the society’s progress covers a much longer span of history. Effectuation, evaluation, and interpretation of a progressively transforming reality are obviously fraught with problems. Besides, the inter-personal dynamics dictating politics, economics, and procreation (power, wealth, and sex) are too entrenched in primordial laws and instincts.

Spirituality, as held by The Mother & Sri Aurobindo, is to leapfrog from the echelon of individual realization (psychicization) to being immersed in the ocean (varuna, vastness, wideness) of universality (spiritualization) which, in turn, dovetails into the causal cauldron level (supramentalization). What fundamental modification would these higher realms of consciousness entail is within the womb of the future and difficult to speculate. But, the good news is that human imagination and action are the only portals through which they will manifest. The abhorrence of the mental, therefore, needs to be moderated. [TNM]  

A new revolution in the Earth’s evolution was triggered on March 29, 1914

Anderson has drawn attention to a couple of books and assorted religious streams. There, indeed, is merit in the point he is making. But certain facts are worth mentioning for removing the cobwebs of confusion. 

The Mother & Sri Aurobindo, when they met in Puducherry on March 29, 1914, a new revolution in the Earth’s evolution was triggered. Cultural chasms dotting countless contours of human habitation caught a promise of being bridged. The Masters have taken care to leave enough evidences for their credentials to be empirically interrogated. Their contribution, conjointly, has no parallel in the human history.

The word ‘Integral’ approximates to what The Mother & Sri Aurobindo referred to as ‘World Union,’ the ‘Third dream.’ A synthesis, a coalition, a free association of disparate thoughts and movements is crucial here. Encompassing the plenary human enterprise across the planet by transcending the Kantian political perimeter is the idea. Staying attuned to the unseen evolutionary energies unleashed by The Mother & Sri Aurobindo is the magic clue.  

This to Anderson and his friends is belief and hence unacceptable. Well, it’s free choice, and right now there is no other alternative in sight. [TNM]   

Anderson takes his past baggage for granted

Anderson, a Buddhist, believes in “an integral theory that is not predicated at all on structures of belief,” but he is perplexed as to how this can come about. The problem lies in the fact that he takes his past baggage for granted, sees nothing problematic about it. A new theory – and an ambitious one at that – must start anew with fresh ideas. Sri Aurobindo, in his The Life Divine, has supplied some very useful clues. And it is not difficult to erect an integral theory, at least one for oneself, in order to be at peace with oneself. [TNM]

Speak out and let the sunshine in

The tone of Pandey and Deshpande seems to be sullen and mood one of helplessness. This is not a desirable situation. Things have come to such a pass just because proper remedies have not been applied at the right time. Our scholars have continued to write about rarefied spiritual heights whereas the ground realities happen to be abysmally abominating.

Under the cover of this conspiracy of silence sin and deception has proliferated. Suffering injustice silently has been considered as the cornerstone of practice of yoga. Criticizing malpractices have been construed as being critical of the Ashram.

No more. You have the weapon of the words. Speak out and let the sunshine in. List out the demands. Set the rules and procedures right. We all are stakeholders here. The time is now. [TNM]

Power and patronage as family legacy

The “Sri Aurobindo community” that Banerji refers to is not easy to define and this amorphous construct gives rise to many theoretical incongruities. For instance, dynasty is one factor that people shy away from discussing. Wealth and knowledge, power and patronage, as family legacy is spawning many unhealthy situations.  It’s true that not all benefit from the family connection, but to some it offers an aura and they tend to function as though shouldering a variation of ‘white man’s burden.’ Banerji himself is a descendant of a famous family, and so are some others who have been vocal in the Heehs imbroglio.

Institutions and official positions too bolster the otherwise frail voice of an individual. Even Heehs had to steal the ‘Founder’ title (and I grabbed the President’s post before someone else lays claim to it; first mover’s advantage, that is). Opinions, if emerge through democratic negotiations within an organization, carry greater credibility and legitimacy than when foisted by the high command. Inculcating such collective consultations through mandatory institutional mechanisms is a task that needs to be urgently addressed. Converting the Trusts to more participative and democratic legal bodies in order to infuse talent periodically is also a challenge. Any first mover here? [TNM] 

Banerji goes a step further than Heehs

Divinity of The Mother & Sri Aurobindo, maintains Debashish Banerji, “is certainly not a tenet of faith that you have to sign up for.” This line of thinking is a fundamental departure from what has concretized over the past one hundred years. By proposing an ideological alternative, Banerji goes a step further than Heehs, whose book never professes to preach.  

Banerji delinks yoga from devotion and seeks to secularize it in a curious fashion. Admittedly, bowing before any divinity is shameful for the academicians as it jeopardizes career prospects and curtails conference opportunities. So, self-interest is at stake here and not academic freedom and one has to prioritize what one wants. Yoga devoid of devotion, however, is absurd.

Banerji, of course, is more agitated because of the public display of devotion which he fears have reified as rituals leading to dogma. Such fundamentalist aversion for collective devotional voluntarism is obviously a subjective malaise lacking in the integral tag. As a student of forms and colors, it is surprising why Banerji finds the lived human performance so repulsive.

Another conspicuous concern of Banerji is control and, understandably, he is impervious of authority. So far so good. The utopian anarchy that he has in mind, unfortunately, is slightly away in time and in the meanwhile he has to make do with who are mere pigmies in his eyes. For his succor from Das Gupta’s splendid isolation may snap any day. [TNM] 

Power is exercised only over free subjects

[Foucault on Relations of Power and Relations of Constraint: Is Chattel Slavery the Former, the Latter or Both? from Per Caritatem by Cynthia R. Nielsen. Power relations presuppose relations among free subjects…  

Thus, it seems that American slaves were involved at least intermittently in something like a power relation with their masters.  This is not to deny that they were at times bound physically (e.g. for beatings); however, the majority of their service for the master necessitated an unbound (physical) existence.  In addition, as many slave narratives attest, various forms of resistance were possible within these the constraints of the slave system.  For example, slaves often interrupted work routines, stole from their masters, had love affairs with the mistress, attempted to escape, and even physically confronted their masters…  

Thus, freedom is the condition for the possibility of power relations to obtain, freedom makes possible the maintenance of power relations.  Perhaps what he means is that in power relationships, e.g., a pedagogical relationship, one side has to willingly take the subordinate role (the student).  The student is not forced to learn from the professor, but places himself willing under the professor’s direction.  Thus, from the student’s side, when the professor has the “lead” role, the student’s freedom is necessarily limited—but limited by choice.  Such a relationship, if it remains positive and productive, does not translate into a dominating relationship, as the student could at any time decide not to listen to the professor’s advice, or s/he could choose to stop attending the professor’s lectures.  Also, it seems that the professor must be open to correction by the student.  When the professor accepts the correction or challenge to his/her argument, thesis, etc., the student then exerts power (in the Foucauldian sense), which results in a reduction of the professor’s freedom.]

[(title unknown) from For The Turnstiles by DGA. Considering this manifesto at Posthuman Destinies…

To the Foucault thing: I am increasingly convinced that Foucault was not particularly consistent methodologically or philosophically. He was a brilliant historian, no question, but his positions are very hard to trace over the course of his career. Peter Dews' book Logics of Disintegration is a brilliant treatment of this. It is much weaker on Deleuze, however. Finally, it is not clear to me how this very Foucaultian manifesto locates its use of self and the care of the self in the Foucaultian patois of governmentality and biopower, contemporary terms to the tentative care-of-self explorations Foucault put forward at the end of his career. This might be a way back to addressing the question Carlson and Banerji pose above vis a vis Aurobindian spiritual practice.] 

The status of the residents of Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Puducherry is complex to characterize. We get to hear the voice of only a handful of authors or orators. The large majority may not be amply intellectually equipped, and hence silent. Generically they are called ashramites, and even sadhaks or disciples that adds a chunk of aura to their identities, but the more coveted part of their existence is the life long economic security that they are entitled to. Although their stay is supposed to be voluntary, social and economic compulsions turn it otherwise.

Behind the façade of snatches of modernity, however, one can sense in them deep scars of deprivation and victimhood, power play and hierarchy. Absence of TV, Internet, and mobile phones during the Masters' presence facilitated a semblance of aloofness. Time and technology are thus adding to the sadhaks' woes as no preceding guidance is available to fall back upon.  Harmoniously negotiating one’s multiple identities within a cosmopolitan community and simultaneously endeavoring to demystify the power relations that is woven all the while is no mean facet of the sadhana that (s)he is officially engaged in full time. 

The Heehs imbroglio brought into focus many contradictions obtaining within the Ashram in contradistinction to its avowed goals. Granted that all these cannot be resolved overnight or in a time bound mode. But understanding their many ramifications and being willing to apply all our intelligence to alleviate their foul effects proliferating is a sacred responsibility which need not scare us. Confabulations on Ashram climate change can occur without peregrination of Copenhagen. [TNM]

The ennui that is Ken

It is a welcome sign that the world is steadily waking up to the diversity of the vision of The Mother & Sri Aurobindo. And there are many reasons for that. Mainstream philosophy, through a bunch of ultra-materialists, is groping in the dark in the Sahara of speculation. Ken Wilber’s too certain mapping of the cosmos, on the other hand, has fallen out of favor because of the ennui it ensues. Dawkins led new atheists movement ran out of steam. Obama fiasco demonstrated the futility of juvenile hope barring of course a consolation Nobel.

The vision of The Mother & Sri Aurobindo is not merely academic. It is in action and its sure strides can be easily perceived when one looks at the global situation. India poised for a giant role in the near future is too apparent and definitely not the only outcome. Besides, the sense that gets across is too narrowly nationalistic. The integrality that The Mother & Sri Aurobindo embody is too vast to be embossed by any such chauvinism. 

Negotiating with the global diversity, therefore, is the most challenging task of navigating the future. The more difficult facet, however, is translating this rhetorical sweep to spell out the specifics. [TNM]      

Bachchan's vachan

[Big B feels drawn towards Sikhism

Hindustan Times - ‎Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan, whose mother was a Sikh, says he feels drawn towards the religion and wants to visit the Golden Temple in Amritsar with his ... Amitabh Bachchan wants to pay homage at Golden Temple, Sikh blood in me beckongs PunjabNewsline.com - Gurpreet SIngh - ‎FATEHGARH SAHIB: Bollywood star Amitabh Bachchan wants to pay homage at Golden Temple, Amritsar. Bachchan expressed this desire on ...]

So now it is clear that he has no inclination towards The Mother & Sri Aurobindo. [TNM]

Mercifully Sri Aurobindo stops there

The last two chapters of The Life Divine are defining moments in the whole project of The Mother & Sri Aurobindo; but the overall emphasis of one chapter is quite dissimilar to the other. One relies on the individual while the other is oriented towards the collective. One seems to stress the course of tapasya; the other, practice in joyful participation. With one, one faces a wall as it were; an insurmountable abstraction, whereas a happy humanization is encountered in the other. Mercifully Sri Aurobindo stops there. [TNM]

Yes Nanaji

The demise of Nanaji Deshmukh should once again stimulate us to work for a non-Congress Govt. at the Centre. This can be facilitated if various parties tweak their antenna to the inspiration of The Mother & Sri Aurobindo. [TNM]  

As long as our actions haven’t become mere rituals

[Taking exception to American exceptionalism by George Shulman, The Immanent Frame, Feb 26, 2010 No doubt, “democracy” is a discourse authorizing American nationalism and state power, so creedal assertion does not assure any particular (e.g., egalitarian or non-violent) political outcome; and indeed, as Talal Asad argues, “democracy” as a discourse has historically justified state violence. But as Asad also argues, we need to see religion less as creedal assertion and more as embedded, embodied practice. In just these terms, in turn, David Morgan’s post redefines “civil religion,” not as a set of beliefs, but as a body of practices that convene people and conjure their aspirations toward a future. While Morgan holds onto the national frame, and repeats the futile effort to distinguish a “civic patriotism” from its dark double, his turn toward practices is incredibly important as a way to think what “religion” means if we put the focus on democracy, rather than nationality. 1:58 PM] 

[Reply to Debashish Banerji’s Interview -- by Raman Reddy

When you have no objection to putting up their photographs in a private room, why raise such a hue and cry over the placing of their photographs in meditation halls or conference chambers? As long as our actions haven’t become mere rituals, there is always scope for the right expression of our feelings, especially in the midst of other like-minded people. Let us not forget that Sri Aurobindo and the Mother gave their photographs to disciples for their spiritual help. Posted by Raman Reddy at 2/22/2010 12:03:00 PM]

[Embedded religion in Asia The Immanent Frame, posted on Monday, February 9th, 2009 by Richard Madsen

Asian religious practices are less individualistic and more communal, socially embedded, and locally particularistic.  This makes it more difficult to imagine how Asian religions could be accommodated into the standard liberal model for political incorporation (often based on the American experience), which officially considers religious belief a personal preference of individual citizens, who will then form all sorts of different but overlapping private religious associations in an open religious marketplace and expect that these private associations will share enough in common that they will tolerate one another but have enough differences that they will not coalesce into any unified opposition to the state.  We are becoming more aware of the limitations of this liberal model, even in established Western liberal societies like the United States.  How much more difficult might it be for this liberal model to accommodate the local, particularistic, communal religions that are becoming newly visible in Asia?]

Religion and rituals as part of fleeting faith dynamics require a more considerate and sympathetic theoretical accommodation than what is held rigidly at present. [TNM] 

Manoj Das Gupta’s sphinx avatar

[Incidentally, silence can be cruel when a judge hearing a case maintains a monastic silence with the inscrutable face of the sphinx. Counsel has no clue about what the judge is thinking, whether he has understood counsel’s submissions or they have passed him by. Should counsel repeat his or her arguments or keep silent like the judge? A cruel predicament indeed and an instance of subtle judicial cruelty. Matrimonial and judicial cruelty, Soli J. Sorabjee: IE » Sunday , Feb 28, 2010]

Manoj Das Gupta’s sphinx avatar is not only cruelty but also downright uncivil. [TNM]

Sania, Manoj, and Varadarajan

[The fall of Sania Mirza - into oblivion Times of India - Anil Dharkar - ‎Feb 20, 2010‎

So Sania Mirza lost to Tatjana Malek in the first round of the Pattaya Open recently. Earlier she had been eliminated in the first round of the Australian ...]

[CPM veteran found dead, questions rise in party Calcutta Telegraph - Manini Chatterjee - ‎Feb 21, 2010‎

Given the fact that the party general secretary himself led the demand for action and in the backdrop of the “rectification drive” initiated by the CPM ... To be a comrade one has to be prude! Economic Times - ‎Feb 18, 2010‎

Mr Varadarajan seems to have become the first casualty of CPM's new rectification campaign with the party central committee taking the decision to remove him ...

 Missing CPM leader Varadarajan found dead Express Buzz CPM plans panel to weed out 'vices' Times of India - ‎Feb 3, 2010‎

... with people who have amassed huge assets or flouted party discipline on occasions, though CPM has been pursuing its rectification campaign since 1996. ... CPM sets up body for top-to-bottom cleanup Asian Age Former MP's open letter to Karat: Don't restrict religious freedom Indian Express - ‎Feb 2, 2010‎

Former MP KS Manoj, who had recently quit the CPM in protest against party stand on religion in the rectification document, has asked CPM general secretary ...]

Sania, Manoj, and Varadarajan, have not much in common perhaps apart from the fact that they are all human beings. Their goals have proved illusive and life has changed course. In yoga too one is entirely entitled to such turns in life and attitude. Whole life (and death) is yoga, therefore. [TNM]  

At Savitri Era we rarely quote

Mirror of Tomorrow romanticizes the past while Posthuman Destinies fantasizes about the future. At Savitri Era, however, the present is very much the concern. Poetry is integral to Mirror of Tomorrow, as is post-modernism to Posthuman Destinies. Savitri Era, in contrast, unabashedly flirts with politics. Mirror of Tomorrow borrows the Ashram tag and Posthuman Destinies flaunts the American, whereas Savitri Era stands for the layperson.

For divergent reasons Mirror of Tomorrow and Posthuman Destinies are shy of religion, while Savitri Era gladly wears it on its sleeve. Mirror of Tomorrow is snowed under reams of extracts from the works of the Masters, but at Savitri Era we rarely quote. [TNM]

At a different pedestal and quality

from Tusar N. Mohapatra tusarnmohapatra@gmail.com date 21 February 2010 23:33

May I draw your attention to a book titled, Ends and Means in Private and Public Life (1989) published by Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Indus Pub. co., New Delhi, and edited by Rajendra Prasad  which contains insightful essays such as, Ends Means and Administrative Efficiency, Ends Means and the Art of Life in the Gita, Controversies and Beyond, and Means, Ends and Pictures of the Good Life by outstanding authors.

The Difficulty of Being Good by Gurcharan Das (2009) is also a useful recent publication. [TNM]

Primacy of contingency is the key

from Tusar N. Mohapatra tusarnmohapatra@gmail.com date 19 February 2010 14:04

Thanks for your appreciative and encouraging words. By saying, “I may not be able to reach the goal in my life time,” you might have preferred to stick to an ethical line, but the luxury of an absolute ethics is not available to us human beings; at least, no such example is there either in history or mythology. The best compromise the tradition offers is the higher dharma taking precedence over the lower. This also is not as simple as it sounds, for the ranking is purely a subjective affair tethered as it is to one’s self-interest and self-protection.  

Philosophical writings, both in the east as well as the west, are replete with explications on the question of individual vs. society that remain unresolved to this day. But one thing agreed upon generally is that a single rule can never be valid for all people in all situations. Therefore, the primacy of the contingency becomes the key and holds promise. What you label as realpolitik operates by latching on to that faint ray of hope. The butterfly, after all, is a transformed caterpillar. [TNM] 

Legacy of Golwalkar is a liability for Gadkari

By imitating Rahul’s Dalit act, Gadkari has positioned himself as a contender to the top post. He is entitled to that but the politics-for-development line won’t carry him very far. Ideological dilemma is one front that needs to be addressed urgently with tactful fine tuning. He perhaps understands well that the legacy of Golwalkar is a liability now and must be given a decent burial. The Ambedkar card, on the other hand, appears ambivalent with niggardly yield. 

His option, in such a scenario, is too restricted, and any rescue plan calls for out-of-box thinking. The Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee factor, if resurrected, can open up some rays of hope. Through him BJP can easily claim its genealogy to Sri Aurobindo, and become a candidate to hugely benefit from that. The intellectual resource to accommodate such a changeover, however, is scant in the party. [TNM]   

Ontology down to the level of our cells

[kelamuni said... hi tusar, it's not that i'm unimpressed with aurobindo, or than i am consciously ignoring him. the fact is, i was hoping to deal with aurobindo's more philosophical version of neo-vedanta after having given my account of vivekananda's. for this reason, there have been no detailed descriptions or analyses of aurobindo's thought in my blogs, only cursory references. cheers. 12:59 PM, February 16, 2010]

Tusar N Mohapatra said...

While I am thrilled at the prospect of expositions on Sri Aurobindo flowing from your keyboard, thinking of him vis-à-vis Vivekananda or linking him to Neo-Vedanta alone would be an injustice to his integrality. He along with The Mother has devised an ontology down to the level of our cells that is determining the destiny of the whole humanity. Your able intervention, I am sure, would bring the much needed clarity in the post-Wilber scenario. [TNM] 3:48 PM, February 17, 2010 

Amar's embarrassment

[Amar Singh: I don't want to be a politician hereafter. The kind of politics I have indulged in; the kind of politics I have done I am embarrassed to be a part of that kind of politics...

Not by the sort of politician I was but the sort of politics I have indulged in and I have become a part of that political process and system...

Of course, because barring the (Indo-US) nuclear deal I don't see any major achievement in my political career. 'I'm embarrassed for the politics I have done' IBNLive.com]

Each political party in India propagates a particular version of history as doctrine for its adherents. Savitri Era Party has to popularize its own version too. [TNM]

Private sector ought not to mean private business in higher education

['Most self-financed colleges exploit the demand-supply gap' Business Standard - Sunday, Feb 07, 2010

It is in this dreary world of higher education in India that we have shining examples, such as St Xavier's College. It was founded by the Society of Jesus. Long before Shri Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Dr S Radhakrishnan, Dr Zakir Hussain, Dr Humayun Kabir and my good friend Shri Kapil Sibal, there was an intrepid soul named Fr H Depelchin. Along with six Belgian Jesuits, he arrived in Kolkata and founded the St Xavier's College…  

I recognise and support the role of the private sector in higher education, but I am absolutely clear in my mind that the private sector in higher education ought not to mean private business in higher education. As far as I am aware, no great university in the world was established for the purpose of profit. I believe that some activities in a society must stand outside the world of profit and higher education, in my view, ranks first amongst such activities. For over 150 years, the Society of Jesus has done just that in Kolkata, in Chennai and in many other towns and cities. For that and for many other blessings that they brought to India, we thank them and we salute them. (Excerpts from Home Minister P Chidambaram's valedictory address at St Xavier’s College (Autonomous) in Kolkata on January 17, 2010)]

[UNIT 18 CIVIL SOCIETIES: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, NGOs AND VOLUNTARY ACTION - Quick View The modern notion of voluntary action has its origins in Protestant ....]

[Andre Béteille…notes that possibly the only field in which Indians ‘show initiative in voluntary action’ is in religious matters… Religious activity, argues Béteille, ‘is one extensive and significant domain of social action in which (Indians) show genuine initiative, mutuality, and self-reliance’ (Indias Middle Class: New Forms of Urban Leisure, Consumption and Prosperity (Cities and the Urban Imperative), Christiane Brosius).]

The right academic view should rather be not to look at society as separate from religion or politics. The basic goodness of man in a civil society has the same source as his religious leanings. [TNM]